Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), with their professional and non-political nature, play a fundamental role in promoting sustainable development and supporting the legal demands of citizens. These organizations have been praised for supplying innovative and people-oriented approaches to providing services, support, and empowerment; but in Iranian society, these organizations are in a state of disarray in such a way that they face many challenges in the way of establishment, supervision, financing, and liquidation, which will lead to the weakening of the public sphere. Getting rid of the existing reality and moving towards the desired situation requires the application of standards that can bring positive consequences for nongovernmental organizations. The current research aims to investigate the components of enhancement concerning non-governmental organizations in the laws and regulations of three countries of Iran, Armenia, and Canada. In terms of its descriptive purpose and research method, the current research will be in the form of collecting information through library study and collecting awards and valid legal documents, as well as reviewing and analyzing the content of these documents. The findings of the research show that Armenia has adopted comprehensive laws and regulations to support the activities of non-governmental organizations and has prepared official structures and committees to attend and consult with civil organizations. In addition, by using physical and virtual tools and official processes, it has provided capacities for the participation of NGOs. In Canada, there is no independent law regarding nonprofit organizations and these organizations operate according to the "Non-profit Organizations and Corporations Act". Iran continues to suffer from the lack of a comprehensive law for the activities of non-governmental organizations and there are no strong specific structures to attract the participation of these organizations.

Introduction: The harvest time and type of plant part have important roles in obtaining maximum amounts of active substances from medicinal plants. Medicinal plants vary in terms of phenological stages and maturity and each medicinal plant can be evaluated separately in research. Determining the exact time of harvest and selecting a plant organ for maximum yield of secondary metabolites can be very important and economically effective. Othroj-Saghir (Citrus medica var. medica Proper) or Othroje-Kabir (Citrus medica var. macrocarpa) is one of the most important citrus species. The southern provinces of Iran, especially the southern cities of Fars province, are the largest areas in which this species is cultivated. In addition to fruit juice, other parts of the fruit especially the flavedo, can be used for medicinal purposes and in food industries. In this study, for the first time, some physical and biochemical changes of different parts of Citrus medica var medica fruits were evaluated during fruit ripening. Also, some active substances (i. e. essential oil content, flavonoid components, etc. ) of the flavedo were measured as the most important medicinal parts of the fruit through different stages of ripening. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effects of fruit ripening on the biochemical Properties of different parts of Citron fruit were evaluated. A factorial experiment was set up according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and four replications. The first factor included four levels: different stages of fruit maturity (green mature, intermediate, yellow ripe and over ripe stage). The second factor had four levels: the different parts of the Citron fruit (i. e. outer skin or flavedo, inner skin or albedo, pulp and juice). The most important measured traits were flavon and flavonols, total flavonoids, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Physical changes in different parts of the fruit (fresh and dry weight of flavedo and albedo, fresh weight of fruit, fruit diameter and height of fruit, etc. ) were measured. Assessments also carried out to identify several features of fruit juice such as acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and vitamin C during fruit ripening. Chemical measurements were aimed at determining the most important phytochemical compounds of the flavedo section during fruit ripening. These features included the essential oil percentage and yield, chlorophyll content and polyphenols constituents (rutin, trans-ferulic acid, hesperidin, hesperetin and quercetin by HPLC). Results and Discussion: The results showed that the fruit maturity stage significantly affected most of the studied traits. The highest amounts of flavon and flavonols (0. 377 mg quercetin/g dry weight) and total flavonoids (16. 38 mg quercetin/g dry weight) were measured in the flavedo at the over ripe stage. The antioxidant activity initially increased during fruit ripening, but it decreased slightly (75. 0%) from the yellow stage to the over ripe stage. The lowest rate of antioxidant activity (53. 6%) was observed in the green stage and the highest rate (78. 4%) was measured in the yellow ripe stage. The highest amounts of antioxidant activity (83. 3% and 73. 8%) were measured in the albedo and flavedo samples, respectively, and the lowest amount (54. 1%) was recorded in the pulp section. The highest amount of flavedo essential oil (2. 37%v/w) was measured in intermediate stage. The chlorophyll content with maturity progress was decreased. Progress in fruit maturity was reduced the most components of polyphenols. The maximum amount of hesperidin, as an important phenolic component, was identified in the peel of Citron fruit (1. 86 mg/g dry weight) at the green mature stage. Its amount decreased through the stages of maturity, so that the lowest amount (0. 68 mg/g dry weight) was measured at the over ripe stage. Conclusion: In general, the stage of maturity and plant part had important effects on the amount of biochemical traits. The flavedo part of Citron fruit showed superior medicinal Properties. Different active substances react variedly during maturity and so the preferable composition should be harvested according to the desired conditions. The best stages to reach maximum essential oil percentage and polyphenol components are the early stages of maturity (i. e. green mature and intermediate stages).

The semantic of Proper names is one of imprtant issues in philosophy of logic. In this article I have examined some most famous theories on this subject and evaluvated Mil's, Frege's , Russell's and Kripke's theory. Although I have almost favoured Kripke's opinion, but I think it is insufficient for making clear logical role of Proper name. So by revising it and adding some condition, I have tried to defend the view that when Proper name designates its referent some descriptions should be considered; those descriptions don't give the sense of Proper name, but user thinks , rightly or wrongly, that they fix its referent. This analysis, of course, contains some pragmatical ingredient and is not purely semantical.

How are the words of a language attached to the world? For example, how are Proper names, such as “ Socrates” and “ Tehran”, related to the individuals and objects of the world? Such a question has puzzled philosophers for a long time and the main occupation of many philosophers of the 20th century was to find a definite answer to the question. Traditional Muslim logicians believe that a Proper name is a “ referring expression” (in Russellian sense) that, unlike Fregean views, simply designates an individual or object, which is its meaning, without having any other sense than the individual or the object it designates. On the basis of their theory of Proper names, one can say that the proposition expressed by an utterance of a sentence like Socrates was a philosopher, wherein the subject position is occupied by a Proper name, is a “Singular proposition” about the referent of the name. In this article the theory of Proper names is dealt with by examining a number of propositions.

Given a finite non-cyclic group G, call s (G) the smallest number of Proper subgroups of G needed to cover G. Lucchini and Detomi conjectured that if a nonabelian group G is such that s (G)<s (G/N) for every non-trivial normal subgroup N of G then G is monolithic, meaning that it admits a unique minimal normal subgroup. In this paper we show how this conjecture can be attacked by the direct study of monolithic groups.